So-called Lazarus Lizards (Podarcis muralis) were a topic in both a diagnostic walk-about and a meeting that I was involved with last week. The lizard's common name depends on where you stand, literally. If you're an American herpetologist, you would call them European Wall Lizards. If you live in Europe, they are Common Wall Lizards. If you're a native Cincinnatian, you would likely call them Lazarus Lizards.
I've been fascinated by these non-native lizards for many years and have posted several BYGL Alerts detailing how they got to Cincinnati. I've also been intrigued by their ascent to equal treatment with native reptiles under Ohio law. They also have a detachable tail, but the name "Lazarus" has nothing to do with dropping a tail to survive an attack and rise again. It's associated with the Lazarus family best known in Ohio for their connections with department stores.
The Lizard's Tale
In 1951, 10-year-old George Rau Jr., step-son of Fred Lazarus III, came across some common wall lizards scurrying across rocky slopes while on a family vacation to Lake Garda in northern Italy. George smuggled a few (6 to 10 depending on the reference source) through Customs to release them at his family's home on Torrence Court located in the eastern Cincinnati suburb of Hyde Park.
Some of the European expats thrived to eventually become so numerous that Torrence Court became known as Lizard Hill. Local residents called them "Lazarus lizards" in misplaced recognition of the lizard's perceived patrons. Of course, they should have been named "George's Lizards" in honor of their true sponsor.
The lizard story may ring like local folklore; however, George Rau wrote a letter in 1989 to herpetologists at the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History detailing his role as the lizard leader. He also repeated his story in several interviews with the news media.
Research conducted by Cassandra Homan for her 2013 University of Cincinnati M.S. Thesis (see "More Information" below) added credibility to Rau's claim. She compared genetic samples collected from the Cincinnati lizards to samples taken from the reported source population in Europe and confirmed a substantial loss of genetic diversity indicating a genetic bottleneck. Her computer simulations suggested the bottleneck was likely associated with only three individuals surviving their release to become the founders of the Cincinnati populations.
The European wall lizards mostly feed on insects which means they no doubt compete with one or more of our four lizard and skink species (order Squamata, suborder Lacertilia) native to Ohio. The non-native lizards are now found in pockets throughout much of Cincinnati and parts of the adjoining states of Kentucky and Indiana. Although their spread has been patchy owing to their requirement of rocky terrain or stone walls on south-facing slopes in order to survive winters, localized population densities may be as high as 1,500 per acre.
Indeed, the species has been so successful in colonizing southwest Ohio, it has achieved a rare status for a non-native. The "European wall lizard (Podarcis muralis)" is listed in the Ohio Revised Code among the names of native reptiles in Chapter 1531: Division of Wildlife; 1531.01, (WW), Wildlife Definitions. It is considered a "naturalized species" that is protected by law; a rare achievement for a non-native animal.
The Lizard's Tail
If you're ever visiting Greater Cincinnati in the summer or early fall, you don't need to visit Lizard Hill to spot the lizards responsible for the location's colloquial name. Just keep your eyes peeled for a fascinating non-native lizard scurrying over rock walls, darting across sidewalks, and lurking in landscaping.
You may spot a lizard with a slight swelling at the base of its tail. The lizards are capable of shedding part of their tail to survive a predator's attack; a defense mechanism known as autotomy. The detached tail will continue to whip back and forth to further distract (bewilder?) a predator. Slight swelling of the tail often indicates where the old tail broke off allowing the Lazarus lizard to survive to rise again.
